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2025


QMSR: The end of 21 CFR part 820?

By Luca SalvatoreDecember 17, 2025Leave a comment

In 21 CFR part 820, the FDA formulates the requirements for the quality management systems of medical device manufacturers, among others. Thus, 21 CFR part 820 (Quality System Regulation QSR) is or was the counterpart to ISO 13485.

EU Battery Regulation: What medical device manufacturers need to know

By Mario KlessascheckDecember 10, 20252 Comments

The EU plans to replace the existing Directive 2006/66/EC with the new EU Regulation on batteries and waste batteries (“Battery Regulation”). This article clarifies,

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Open-source software as a medical device?

By Prof. Dr. Christian JohnerDecember 10, 2025Leave a comment

University institutions in particular regularly publish medical software as open source. This raises doubts as to whether this open-source software counts as a medical device and what regulatory and (product) liability risks are involved. This article provides a quick overview.

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Combination products: Applicable law and regulatory requirements (EU law)

By Mario KlessascheckNovember 20, 2025Leave a comment

Combination products consist of the combination of a medical device and a medicinal product. Since both medical device and medicinal product law could be applicable here, there are some special features that must be taken into account for products of this type. In this article, you learn more about

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Validating ChatGPT: What medical device manufacturers need to consider

By Prof. Dr. Christian JohnerOctober 29, 2025Leave a comment

Is there a duty for medical device manufacturers for validating ChatGPT and other LLMs that they use in the development, production, approval, and monitoring of their products? If so, how can this be achieved with models that deliver non-deterministic results? This technical article provides answers to these questions and to the question of what your…

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ASCA: Accreditation Scheme for Conformity Assessment

By Mario KlessascheckOctober 21, 20252 Comments

ASCA stands for Accreditation Scheme for Conformity Assessment. The procedure is intended to accelerate conformity assessments and, thus, approval procedures. However, it is not applicable to all devices or all markets. This article explains who benefits from ASCA and how the procedure works.

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What the AI Act means for medical device and IVD manufacturers

By Prof. Dr. Christian JohnerOctober 21, 2025Leave a comment

The EU AI Act has been published. Many manufacturers of medical devices and IVD, as well as other healthcare players, are faced with the major task of understanding the 140+ pages of legal text and complying with the requirements. Note: Infringements/violations of the AI Act are punishable by a fine of up to 7% of…

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Safety classes according to IEC 62304 

By Claudia SchmittOctober 15, 2025Leave a comment

IEC 62304 defines safety classes so that medical device manufacturers can tailor the effort required for software documentation to the degree of harm that could be caused by a software error. This expert article helps to determine the safety classes and, if necessary, reduce them in order to minimize the effort required while still ensuring…

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The FDA eSTAR Program: should or must you take part?

By Luca SalvatoreOctober 8, 2025Leave a comment

With the eSTAR Program, the FDA aims to increase the efficiency of approval procedures (e.g., the 510(k) procedure) through digitalization. The Johner Institute is working with the FDA on the further development of eStar. This article tells you how forward-looking this approach is and whether you should or even must take part.

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Classification of in-vitro diagnostic medical devices: how to avoid a too-high classification

By Dr. Juliane HavlicekOctober 6, 2025Leave a comment

The classification of in-vitro diagnostics (IVD) can have far-reaching consequences, as it has an impact on the conformity assessment procedure, certification audits, and, thus, on market launch. To help you prevent the unnecessary allocation of your IVD product to a high-risk class, this article provides an overview of

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