In May 2016, the German version of IEC 60601-1-2:2014 (Edition 4) was published as DIN EN 60601-1-2:2016 with the title “Electromagnetic disturbances – Requirements and tests.” At the end of 2020, a new version of this “EMC standard” – modified by Amendment 1 and called Edition 4.1 – was published. 1. What is electromagnetic compatibility? a) Electromagnetic immunity Medical…
DetailsThe MDR contains the Classification Rule 11. This rule is especially for software. The Rule 11 has serious implications: it bears the potential to further undermine Europe’s innovation capacity. Manufacturers should familiarize themselves with the MDCG’s interpretation to avoid misclassifying software and to be able to follow the reasoning of notified bodies and authorities. This article…
DetailsThe Medical Device Coordination Group (MDCG) has drafted a guidance document that describes how manufacturers should place their class 1 medical devices on the market in order to comply with the MDR. The title of the document is “Guidance Notes for Manufacturers of Class I Medical Devices”. This article provides a summary of the document and gives…
DetailsThe Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) is a US law that establishes requirements for processing protected health data. Institutions that collect or process these data in the USA and their subcontractors must comply with HIPAA if they want to avoid sanctions. For European companies in particular, HIPAA is a regulation that is difficult to understand…
DetailsWe have known how vulnerable IT security is in the healthcare sector since February 2016, when the IT infrastructures of many clinics were brought to a standstill by a simple virus attack. As a result, the authorities are paying closer attention to ensuring that not only clinics but also manufacturers guarantee the IT security of…
DetailsThe regulations relevant to usability engineering require formative evaluations. 1. Formative evaluation: Definition and differentiation a) Definitions In its guidance document, the FDA has published its own definition of the term: Thus, it replaces the old definition in the guideline Applying Human Factors and Usability Engineering to Medical Devices: „Process of assessing, at one or…
DetailsThe MDR and IVDR require either a “Post-Market Surveillance Report” or a “Periodic Safety Update Report” from medical device manufacturers. The Periodic Safety Update Report is abbreviated as “PSUR”, the Post-Market Surveillance reports as “PMS report”. PSUR and PMS report: Regulatory background and objectives The European Commission has significantly increased the requirements for monitoring devices…
DetailsThe MDR requires medical device manufacturers to conduct Post-Market Surveillance (PMS) and thus collect PMS data. This article is intended to help clarify the regulatory requirements manufacturers must consider when collecting these PMS data. Notably, it is intended to highlight whether manufacturers need to consult an ethics committee in Europe if the data arise from…
DetailsBoth IEC 62304 and the FDA require integration tests. 1. What are integration tests? Integration tests verify whether software components that use interfaces of other components, i. e. call its methods, properly handle their returns (return values, exceptions). 2. Why are integration tests necessary? a) Improve the quality of the software Integration tests, like all…
DetailsThe digital transformation of notified bodies will transform the medical device ecosystem over the next few years. This article describes 1. Drivers of the digital transformation of notified bodies The period in which notified bodies, as an oligopoly, were allowed to pick and choose customers and determine prices and conditions is coming to an end.…
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